non-ferrous hlau

Cov hlau tsis yog hlau, tseem hu ua cov hlau tsis yog hlau hauv qhov nqaim, xa mus rau tag nrho cov hlau tshwj tsis yog hlau (qee zaum manganese thiab chromium) thiab hlau-raws li alloys.

Kev hais lus dav dav, cov hlau tsis muaj hlau kuj suav nrog cov hlau tsis muaj hlau, uas yog cov hlau nplaum uas muaj ib lossis ntau lwm cov ntsiab lus ntxiv rau cov hlau tsis-ferrous matrix (feem ntau ntau dua 50%).

Nonferrous hlau yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho kev lag luam hauv lub tebchaws, thiab feem ntau ntawm kev lag luam xws li aviation, aerospace, automotive, machinery manufacturing, fais fab tuag, kev sib txuas lus, kev tsim kho, thiab cov khoom siv hauv tsev yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv hlau tsis yog hlau rau kev tsim khoom. . Nrog rau kev loj hlob sai ntawm niaj hnub chemical engineering, kev ua liaj ua teb, thiab kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, txoj haujlwm ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj hlau hauv tib neeg txoj kev loj hlob tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb. Nws tsis yog tsuas yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv tswv yim thiab txhais tau tias ntawm kev tsim khoom hauv ntiaj teb, tab sis kuj yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb rau kev noj hauv tib neeg lub neej.

Aluminium
Aluminium yog ib qho khoom siv hlau nrog lub cim Al thiab tus lej atomic ntawm 13. Nws cov khoom tseem ceeb yog cov nyiaj dawb lub teeb hlau. Nws muaj extensibility. Cov khoom siv feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov pas nrig, cov ntawv, cov ntawv ci, cov hmoov nplej, cov strips, thiab cov filaments. Ib txheej ntawm oxide zaj duab xis tuaj yeem tsim nyob rau hauv cov huab cua ntub kom tiv thaiv kev xeb hlau. Cov hmoov txhuas tuaj yeem hlawv hnyav thaum cua sov hauv huab cua thiab emit dazzling dawb nplaim taws. Yooj yim rau yaj hauv dilute sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, thiab potassium hydroxide daws, tab sis nyuaj rau yaj hauv dej. Tus txheeb ze ntom ntom yog 2.70. Melting point 660 degree. Kub taw tes 2327 degree. Aluminium yog qhov thib peb tshaj plaws hlau nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb lub crust, tom qab oxygen thiab silicon. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm peb txoj kev lag luam tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam aviation, kev tsim kho, thiab tsheb yuav tsum muaj cov khoom siv nrog cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm txhuas thiab nws cov alloys, uas pab txhawb kev tsim khoom thiab siv cov hlau tshiab no. Dav siv.

Tooj
Copper yog cov khoom siv hlau thiab tseem yog cov khoom siv hloov pauv, nrog rau cov cim tshuaj Cu, lus Askiv tooj liab, thiab atomic tooj 29. Ntshiab tooj liab yog cov hlau mos uas muaj xim liab txiv kab ntxwv thiab xim hlau luster thaum thawj txiav, thiab xim liab liab nyob rau hauv nws. elemental daim ntawv. Zoo ductility, siab thermal thiab hluav taws xob conductivity, yog li nws yog cov khoom siv feem ntau siv hauv cov cables, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob, thiab tseem tuaj yeem siv los ua cov khoom siv hauv tsev los tsim ntau yam alloys. Copper alloys muaj cov cuab yeej zoo heev thiab tsis muaj hluav taws xob tiv thaiv, nrog rau qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog tooj liab thiab tooj dag. Tsis tas li ntawd, tooj liab kuj yog cov hlau ruaj khov uas tuaj yeem siv tau ntau zaus yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam nws cov khoom siv kho tshuab. Divalent tooj liab ntsev yog cov tooj liab ntau tshaj plaws, nrog hydrated ions feem ntau tshwm xiav thiab chlorine ligands tshwm ntsuab. Lawv yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov xim rau cov zaub mov xws li chalcopyrite thiab turquoise thiab tau dav siv los ua pigments hauv keeb kwm. Copper tsev cov qauv yuav tsim tooj liab ntsuab (alkaline tooj liab carbonate) tom qab corrosion. Kho kom zoo nkauj kos duab feem ntau yog siv hlau tooj liab thiab tooj liab uas muaj cov xim. Tooj liab yog ib qho ntawm cov hlau qub tshaj plaws siv los ntawm tib neeg. Raws li thaum ntxov ua ntej keeb kwm, tib neeg pib mining qhib-qhov tooj liab mines thiab siv cov tooj liab tau los tsim riam phom, cuab yeej, thiab lwm yam nkoj. Kev siv tooj liab muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau kev nce qib ntawm tib neeg kev vam meej thaum ntxov. Tooj liab yog ib yam hlau uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust thiab dej hiav txwv. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm tooj liab nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust yog hais txog 0.01%, thiab nyob rau hauv ib co tooj liab deposits, cov ntsiab lus tooj liab tuaj yeem ncav cuag 3% mus rau 5%. tooj liab nyob rau hauv cov xwm feem ntau tshwm sim raws li ib tug compound, uas yog tooj liab ore. Tooj liab muaj kev ua haujlwm tsis muaj zog, thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov hlau thiab tooj liab sulfate tuaj yeem hloov cov tooj liab. Tooj liab yog insoluble nyob rau hauv tsis oxidizing acids.

Zinc
Zinc yog cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg nrog cov cim tshuaj Zn thiab tus lej atomic ntawm 30. Nws nyob hauv lub sijhawm 4th thiab Pab Pawg IIB ntawm lub sijhawm teem sijhawm ntawm cov ntsiab lus tshuaj. Zinc yog lub teeb grey hloov hlau thiab plaub feem ntau hlau. Hauv kev lag luam niaj hnub no, zinc yog ib qho khoom siv tsis tau thiab tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim roj teeb. Tsis tas li ntawd, zinc kuj yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob rau tib neeg lub cev, ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb heev.

Tom qab nkag mus rau xyoo pua 18th, txoj kev loj hlob sai ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis tau txhawb nqa kev tshawb pom ntawm ntau yam tshiab uas tsis yog-ferrous hlau. Ntawm 64 cov hlau uas tsis yog hlau tau hais los saum no, 13 tau pom nyob rau xyoo pua 18th, ntxiv rau 8 uas twb tau lees paub thiab siv ua ntej xyoo pua 17th. 39 hom tau pom nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th, thiab 4 ntxiv tau pom nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th.

Nyob rau hauv biomedical teb, cov ntaub ntawv uas tsis yog-ferrous hlau yog dav siv vim lawv zoo heev biocompatibility, mechanical zog, thiab photothermal hloov dua siab tshiab. Rau kev cuam tshuam cov khoom siv, cov hlau tsis muaj hlau xws li titanium, magnesium, tantalum, thiab zinc ua tau raws li cov kev cai ntawm kev kho pob txha thiab kho cov hlab ntsha thiab tau siv dav hauv kev kho mob. Hauv kev kuaj mob thiab kev kho mob qog noj ntshav, daim ntawv thov tus nqi ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj hlau raws li nanomaterials kuj tau pom los ntawm kev siv dav hauv vitro thiab hauv vivo thwmsim. Tsis tas li ntawd, hlau complex tshuaj thiab sensor substrate probes yog lwm ob loj daim ntawv thov cheeb tsam ntawm non-ferrous hlau, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrog cov muaj tsheej lab ntawm cov organic ligands, ua rau cov hlau organic moj khaum thiab hlau complexes tsim nyog ntawm tib neeg cov kev cia siab.

Cov ntaub ntawv hlau nonferrous muaj ntau yam kev siv hauv cov khoom siv fais fab. Cov khoom siv feem ntau muaj xws li txhuas thiab txhuas alloys, tooj liab thiab tooj liab alloys, titanium thiab titanium alloys, thiab lwm yam. Aluminium alloy feem ntau yog siv rau hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, cov kav dej, ntim, casings, thiab rivets; Copper alloy yog tsim nyog rau ua qee qhov corrosion-resistant, xws li turbines, bearing shells, ncej tes tsho, thiab lwm yam; Titanium alloy yog tsim nyog rau cov khoom siv xws li condenser kav thiab turbine hniav nyob rau hauv thermal fais fab nroj tsuag.

Hauv kev thauj mus los, cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj hlau xws li txhuas, zinc, thiab magnesium yog lawv qhov ntom ntom, ua rau lawv cov khoom siv zoo tshaj plaws rau kev tsim lub cev plhaub thiab lwm qhov chaw ntawm lub zog tshiab tsheb, uas tuaj yeem ua tiav qhov hnyav. ntawm cov tsheb tshiab zog. Kev siv cov hlau tsis muaj hlau xws li txhuas thiab titanium ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam aerospace. Cov khoom siv sib sib zog nqus yog tus yuam sij kom txo qhov hnyav ntawm lub dav hlau, foob pob hluav taws, satellites, thiab lwm yam khoom siv dav hlau, thaum tseem muab kev txhawb nqa tseem ceeb rau kev nyab xeeb ntawm lub dav hlau thiab kev siv hluav taws xob. Nickel, tooj liab, thiab txhuas yog tag nrho cov high-density non-ferrous hlau nrog zoo conductivity, yog li lawv tsuas yog siv nyob rau hauv lub tsheb fais fab roj teeb thiab them chaw nres tsheb. Nickel thiab txhuas hlau tuaj yeem siv los tsim cov roj teeb nickel hydrogen, roj teeb lead-acid, thiab ternary lithium roj teeb, nrog rau tom kawg yog hom roj teeb tseem ceeb hauv tsheb tshiab.

Nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm architecture, cov hlau uas tsis yog-ferrous yog dav siv, xws li cov khoom siv tooj liab, aluminium alloy qhov rooj thiab qhov rais, tooj liab phab ntsa panels, thiab hlau ru tsev. Kev siv cov hlau tsis muaj hlau ua rau cov tsev zoo nkauj dua, muaj kev nyab xeeb, ruaj khov, thiab siv zog.

Hauv kev lag luam hluav taws xob, cov ntaub ntawv tsis-ferrous hlau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tshuab chip. Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem txuas ntxiv shrinking qhov loj ntawm cov txheej txheem siab heev, cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig thiab lawv cov ntaub ntawv alloy ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua tiav cov kab dav me me, tsis tshua muaj hluav taws xob tiv thaiv, siab adhesion, thiab lwm yam. Tom qab nkag mus rau hauv lub xyoo pua 21st, cov ntaub ntawv nti tau ntxiv ntau dua 40 lub ntsiab lus, ntawm 90% yog cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig thiab cov ntaub ntawv hloov pauv hlau. Gallium thiab germanium yog siv dav hauv cov khoom siv semiconductor, lub zog tshiab thiab lwm yam haujlwm. Ntawm lawv, gallium yog hu ua "tshiab grain ntawm semiconductor kev lag luam" thiab yog dav siv nyob rau hauv photovoltaic, magnetic cov ntaub ntawv, kev kho mob, tshuaj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog wireless kev sib txuas lus, LED thiab lwm yam teb.

Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, photovoltaics, cua zog, lub zog tshiab tsheb, lub zog thiab lub zog cia roj teeb tau dhau los ua qhov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj hlau.